Was there really a British Trade Dollar?
Yes indeed. This coin was a direct result of the Opium Wars
from 1839 to 1843 and 1856 to 1860 which began when China tried to stop Britain from selling opium to its
citizens. As the loser, China had to open up a number of ports to British trade and residence, and cede
Hong Kong to Britain. In the decades that followed, merchants and adventurers flocked to these areas, and
international trade flourished. Foreign banks were established and large silver coins from all over the world
began arriving to pay for tea, silk, and Chinese porcelain to be shipped abroad. The US produced their own
silver trade dollars from 1873 to 1878 and in 1885, France produced silver piastres de commerce for
use in their Indo-Chinese colonies. Especially after the founding of Singapore in 1819 and Hong Kong in 1842,
it became necessary to produce a special coin so as to remove the reliance of a British Colony upon the various
foreign coins in circulation. Bombay was the principal facility but most of these silver dollars were used by,
and intended for, merchant trades to and with Hong Kong and surrounding ports in China.
These .900 fine silver trade dollars were then circulated
throughout China where they were readily accepted as a medium of exchange. The coin shows Britannia standing
on a shore, holding a trident in one hand and a shield in the other, with a merchant ship under full sail in
the background. On the reverse is an arabesque design with the Chinese symbol for longevity in the center,
and the denomination in two languages — Chinese and Malay. Curiously it carries no designation of the country
of issue.
Why is it comparatively unknown today?
For a number of reasons. The British Trade Dollar was minted
from 1895 and given legal tender status in the British colonies of Straits Settlements, Hong Kong and Labuan but
it was only produced until 1935. The coins were minted in Bombay and Calcutta (and given tiny mint marks B and C). The mint mark B is in the centre prong of the trident, and the C is in the ground between Britannia's left foot and the base of the shield.
The 1921-B dollar was struck but never released
for circulation, and only a limited number of 1934-B and 1935-B coins were released. It's likely that they
ceased as useful money as a result of the passage in this year of the Currency Ordinance which called for the
creation of Hong Kong's own money, both paper and in metal, to replace foreign monies. The 1935-B British
Trade Dollar was the last of its kind, and it is likely that they were dumped into the smelting pots at the
mint after the Ordinance passed, with just a few pieces held back as mementoes. (The second rarest is 1921-B).
With a total mintage of well over 267,200,000 plus a handful of re-strikes, over 17,000,000 of the 26.9568
gram coins were also struck in London in 1925 and 1930. A curiosity is that certain dates are found with a
new date being over-struck on another. For example, some 1894-B coins were over-struck as 1900-B ones.
Chinese merchants would occasionally stamp the coins with what are called 'chopmarks' or 'countermarks' to
indicate their assurance that the coin was genuine and also perhaps to advertise their businesses.
The circulation of the coin in the Straits Settlements
(Singapore, Malacca and Penang) was for an even shorter period. In 1903 the Straits Settlements introduced
their own special dollar coin and the British dollar was gradually withdrawn from circulation.
The British Trade Dollar was finally demonetized on August
1, 1937 and many have ended up incorporated into Chinese jewellery!
Sources:
Weblog by Invictus Solis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada http://www.intagliosunset.blogspot.com/2007/05/british-trade-dollar-coinage-and.htmlHeritage Auction Galleries http://coins.ha.com
The Brunei Numismatist and Philatelist http://bruneimoneystamps.blogspot.com/2007/08/straits-dollar-1907.html
Monetary Authority of Singapore http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency_info/Heritage_Collection.html
Coin People (chopmark) http://www.coinpeople.com/index.php?showtopic=14968
::: all accessed 1st October 2007 :::
